資訊組織 2013.05.01

RDA, Section 1: Manifestation & Item [第一篇：記錄載體呈現與單件的屬性]
1.1 Terminology 術語
1.1.5 Work, Expression, Manifestation, and Item
The terms work, expression, manifestation, and item are used as follows:

The term work   refers to a distinct intellectual or artistic creation (i.e., the intellectual or artistic content).

The term expression  refers to the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric,musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms.

The term manifestation  refers to the physical embodiment of an expression of a work.


The term item  refers to a single exemplar or instance of a manifestation.

1.2 Functional Objectives and Principles 功能目標和原則
The data describing a manifestation or item should enable the user to:

a) find manifestations and items that correspond to the user's stated search criteria

b) identify the resource described (i.e., confirm that the resource described corresponds to the
resource sought, or distinguish between two or more resources with the same or similar characteristics)

c) select a resource that is appropriate to the user’s requirements with respect to the physical
characteristics of the carrier and the formatting and encoding of information stored on the carrier

d) obtain a resource (i.e., acquire a resource through purchase, loan, etc., or access a resource electronically through an online connection to a remote computer).

To ensure that the data created using RDA meet those functional objectives, the following principles have been applied in formulating the guidelines and instructions in chapters 1 – 4:

1) Differentiation.   The data should serve to differentiate the resource described from other resources.

2) Sufficiency.  The data should be sufficient to meet the needs of the user with respect to selection of an appropriate resource.

3) Representation.  The data should reflect the resource’s representation of itself.

4) Accuracy.  The data should provide supplementary information to correct or clarify ambiguous, unintelligible, or misleading representations made on sources of information forming part of the resource itself.

5) Common usage.  Data that is not transcribed from the resource itself should reflect common usage.

In RDA, transcription of data from the source is used as a means of ensuring that, where applicable, the data reflects the resource’s representation of itself. Transcription often functions as well as a means of differentiating one resource from another.

1.3 Core Elements
(1)Title
(2)Statement of responsibility
(3)Edition statement
(4)Numbering of serials
(5)Production statement
(6)Publication statement
(7)Distribution statement
(8)Manufacture statement
(9)Copyright date
(10)Series statement
(11)Identifier for the manifestation
(12)Carrier type 載體類型
(13)Extent